The content of much of chapter 2 was a lament against the rebels from foreign nations (Zephaniah 2:4–15). That lament was given to show Judah what would come its way if it did not seek the Lord in repentance (the for at the start of Zephaniah 2:4 makes that evident, as it follows directly upon the exhortations of Zephaniah 2:3). Now, Zephaniah 3:1–7 makes explicit that Jerusalem will experience ruin for its sins. Thus, the use of woe in Zephaniah 3:1 recalls its use in Zephaniah 2:5, so that Zephaniah 3:1–7 runs somewhat parallel to Zephaniah 2:5–15. DeRouchie summarizes: God’s judgment overviewed in 2:5–15 will ultimately fall on Judah, resulting in her ruin.¹