1 Samuel 12 is a watershed moment in the history of Israel as it marks the end of the period of the judges and the beginning of the monarchy.1 Indeed, Joshua 23:1 – 24:33 and 1 Samuel 12:1–25 can be seen as a literary frame for the judges period.2
The speech of Samuel can be compared to that of Joshua (Joshua 24:1–33) who renewed the old covenant at a critical historical juncture (the Conquest). Though covenant renewal is present, the focus of 1 Samuel 12 is to define Samuel’s new role and relationship with the people.3 Specifically, his duties as a judge will now cease but his work as a prophet will continue.
It is not clear exactly when Samuel gave his farewell speech. Most likely it was during the kingship renewal ceremony that took place at Gilgal (1 Samuel 11:14–15),4 though it could also have been on another occasion.5 During his speech, he draws attention to both his and the Lord’s past conduct toward Israel, hoping to show the people that their request for a king was sinful. Until this point in time, the people had not yet acknowledged that they rebelled against God with their request for a king.6
1 And Samuel said to all Israel, “Behold, I have obeyed your voice in all that you have said to me and have made a king over you.