1. Zephaniah 1:4 (ESV)
  2. Exposition

Who constituted the two groups, “the idolatrous priests” and “the priests”?

Zephaniah 1:4 (ESV)

4 “I will stretch out my hand against Judah and against all the inhabitants of Jerusalem; and I will cut off from this place the remnant of Baal and the name of the idolatrous priests along with the priests,

It is not clear who exactly constituted these groups. The first word (כְּמָרִים) is rare, appearing only twice more elsewhere in the Old Testament (2 Kings 23:5, Hosea 10:5). The priests in view are each time from outside of Israel; they were not Levitical priests. The second term (כֹּהֲנִים) is the normal term for priest and is used of both Levitical and pagan priests in the Old Testament. It is possible that the text is presenting two corrupt groups of priests: foreign and Israelite. Perhaps the latter, the priests, were those of Levitical descent who rather than condemning the syncretistic practices that were imposed by Manasseh in the Temple took part in them.1