1. Revelation 18:9 (ESV)
  2. Exposition

What does “the smoke of her burning” refer to?

Revelation 18:9 (ESV)

9 And the kings of the earth, who committed sexual immorality and lived in luxury with her, will weep and wail over her when they see the smoke of her burning.

The ultimate penalty that victors could inflict on a captured city was to burn it (2 Kings 25:9; Joshua 6:24). In God’s righteous judgment this happens to Babylon (Genesis 19:28), be it in the demise of cities or civilizations or states in the course of centuries or their ultimate burning on the day of judgment (2 Peter 3:7).