1 Samuel 14:24–46 presents Saul in a very negative light. In particular, his tendency to make rash vows is highlighted. Three thoughtless pronouncements (1 Samuel 14:24, 1 Samuel 14:39, 1 Samuel 14:44). Three reckless oaths, all meant to showcase his apparent commitment to God’s justice and kingdom, when in reality they are all about protecting his image. His pride, his glory, his status—that is his chief concern and it results in sin, suffering, and danger. Sin and suffering, because the Israelites are exhausted as they chase the Philistines. Climbing over rocks, crossing ravines—there would have been injuries caused by their lack of sustenance. And for Jonathan, there is danger. His dad wants to have him killed. Killed, even though he was innocent and had no part in his father’s oath. This is what comes from having a king like that of the nations (see 1 Samuel 8:4–5, 1 Samuel 8:10–18). He looks impressive, but he makes trouble for God’s people. He does not bring safety and security. His focus is not on serving the Lord but serving himself.
In contrast to Saul there is Jonathan. A type of Christ, he shows us what the true King ought to be like. In 1 Samuel 14:1–23 he is the bold warrior, going into battle trusting in God’s promises even when all seems hopeless. In 1 Samuel 14:24–46 he is the brave advocate, acting in the interests of God’s people. He is concerned for the well-being of his brothers—a servant of the church.
On two occasions Jonathan takes a great risk and publicly states that his father’s oath was foolish. First when he eats the honey in 1 Samuel 14:29–30, and then again when he speaks in 1 Samuel 14:43. He is the lone voice who stands up for what is right. His father may be the king, but that does not mean that he has a licence to exploit God’s people. He is ordained to look after them, he must think before he speaks and submit to God’s law. It is hard to stand up to enemies, and it is even harder to stand up to family and friends. But that is what Jonathan does. His life is on the line; he speaks the truth that no one else will utter; the law stands above the king and his pride (see 1 Samuel 10:25; 1 Samuel 12:14–15).
By God’s grace, on this occasion, truth wins the day as Jonathan’s words inspire the men. Where they were initially participants in Saul’s rashness in 1 Samuel 14:24, and silent observers in 1 Samuel 14:39, they finally speak up when it comes to the third rash oath (1 Samuel 14:45). The bravery of Jonathan is contagious. He shows God’s people how to walk in God’s ways. His loving concern does not go unnoticed.
In all his actions Jonathan gives us a picture of the true King. He points forward to the One who would come in the fullness of time to bring about the great reversal (1 Samuel 2:9–10), Jesus of Nazareth, Emmanuel. Brave beyond measure, Jesus always stood on the side of truth—whether it was friends or enemies, the truth of God did not depart from his lips. Jesus also spoke with wisdom. When he reasoned with men in the temple, when he interpreted and explained God’s laws, there were no reckless words which ever came or will come from his mouth. Concerned for God’s people, Jesus healed those in need and prayed for those who persecuted him. He had compassion on the crowds who flocked to hear him, sheep without a shepherd. And on the cross he cried, Father, forgive them; they know not what they do.
Where Saul wanted his own glory and power, Jesus came not to be served but to serve and give his life as a ransom for many. When he was falsely accused, unlike Jonathan, there were no crowds who came to his rescue, rather they joined in shouting for his condemnation. Still Jesus willingly went to the cross for them. He was born to die. Born to pay for the sins of selfish men and women like Saul. The sins of men and women who are set on serving their own kingdoms. Men and women who use religion for showboating. Men and women who make rash vows without thinking. Men and women who do everything in their power to cover up and hide their sin. Men and women like you and me.
In contrast to us, Jesus never did any of those things. He lived the perfect life; he walked by faith and not by sight; he was faithful to his Father in all things, and therefore he could bear the punishment we deserve. The innocent king could die for the guilty so that sinners who believe in him may live. The scapegoat is not responsible for our sins, but he bears the punishment that we deserve.
24 And the men of Israel had been hard pressed that day, so Saul had laid an oath on the people, saying, “Cursed be the man who eats food until it is evening and I am avenged on my enemies.” So none of the people had tasted food.