Most commentaries point out that in ancient Near Eastern culture, a betrothal is accompanied by gift giving between the two families. The soon-to-be husband offers a “bride price” in order to prove his commitment and obtain the blessing of her family. Many cultures still practise traditions like this today. The Lord’s righteousness, justice, steadfast love, mercy and faithfulness (Hosea 2:19–20) metaphorically serve as his “bride price” for Israel’s hand in marriage. Thus Hubbard1 writes: “What these words do depict is everything that Yahweh brings to the relationship, all the attributes which make for a covenant stamped by loyalty and integrity and love. Without reserve, in the fullness of who he has shown himself to be, he renews his permanent commitment to his bride.” This relationship cannot fail because it will not be grounded in or sustained by what Israel brings to it. It is guaranteed by the very character and attributes of God, freely given to his people.2
19 And I will betroth you to me forever. I will betroth you to me in righteousness and in justice, in steadfast love and in mercy.